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Molecular characterization of Trypanosoma vivax in tsetse flies confirms the presence of the virulent Tvv4 genotype in Kenya: Potential implications for the control of trypanosomiasis in Shimba Hills

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dc.contributor.author Faith I, Ebhodaghe
dc.contributor.author Armanda D S, Bastos
dc.contributor.author Kevin O, Kidambasi
dc.contributor.author Shewit, Kalayou
dc.contributor.author Daniel K, Masiga
dc.contributor.author Michael N, Okal
dc.date.accessioned 2021-07-29T07:25:42Z
dc.date.available 2021-07-29T07:25:42Z
dc.date.issued 2021
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1491
dc.description.abstract Trypanosoma vivax is a vector-borne protozoan parasite of livestock endemic to Africa and South America. To date, fifteen genotypes of the parasite have been described in vertebrate and insect hosts in East Africa. However, information regarding T. vivax diversity remains limited in many endemic countries in the sub-region, including Kenya. Such information could deepen insight into the local epidemiology of animal trypanosomiasis in Shimba Hills, a wildlife area in southeast Kenya where T. vivax is endemic and infects livestock. We employed two-gene conventional-PCR-sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to characterize T. vivax genotypes in tsetse flies collected between November 2018 and September 2019 in the wildlife-livestock interface of the Shimba Hills National Reserve. Phylogenetic analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacer-1 (ITS-1) sequences of T. vivax isolates confirmed the presence of two T. vivax genotypes in Shimba Hills of which >80% of T. vivax isolates from tsetse flies clustered within the virulent Tvv4-genotype clade. Tsetse infections with the Tvv4 genotype were also confirmed based on 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Expanded gene characterization identified three closely related haplotypes within the Tvv4-clade. The Tvv4-isolates were detected in male and female Glossina pallidipes tsetse flies, most of which were collected from grasslands and within two kilometres of the Shimba Hills National Reserve boundary. Considering that T. vivax is the most common trypanosome in the Shimba Hills area and causes severe clinical conditions in livestock, the Tvv4 genotype reported here for the first time in Kenya contributes to our understanding of these pathologies. The effectiveness of trypanocidal drugs in the management of Tvv4 is presently not clearly understood. Therefore, the parasite management in Shimba Hills should focus on vector control to reduce the density of G. pallidipes, especially in grasslands near the wildlife protectorate. en_US
dc.description.sponsorship German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) BioVision Foundation Switzerland European Union’s Integrated Biological Control Applied Research Programme UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) Kenyan Gov-ernment en_US
dc.publisher Elsevier en_US
dc.rights Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States *
dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ *
dc.subject Kenya en_US
dc.subject Trypanosoma vivax en_US
dc.subject Tsetse en_US
dc.subject Tvv4 en_US
dc.subject Wildlife-livestock interface en_US
dc.title Molecular characterization of Trypanosoma vivax in tsetse flies confirms the presence of the virulent Tvv4 genotype in Kenya: Potential implications for the control of trypanosomiasis in Shimba Hills en_US
dc.type Article en_US


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