Application of Machine learning in Identifying Associations between Congenital infections and Immune Development in Infants

Abstract

The first year of life is a crucial window in the development of an infant’s immune system. Importantly, vaccination for almost all vaccine preventable infections is primarily given within this time. Congenital infections may impair immune function and development in infants. Although these infections have known clinical indications in new-borns, their effects on vaccine efficacy in infants remains poorly understood. Examining such associations requires that we examine the kinetics of immune responses over the first months of life. The hitch however, is in handling such extensive longitudinal data for which there are currently no systematic methods of analysis that account for data structure. This study set out to develop a novel workflow necessary for mininghighly dimensional and multi-structured data using unsupervised machine learning algorithms, which would enable us to explore the effects of congenital infections on immune responses to vaccines in infants. Data onimmune response to vaccines and congenital infection status was generated using a recently developed protein microarray assay. Multiple machine learning algorithms were explored to determine ranks of responses to vaccines and infections by infants in the first year of life. Finally,associations between congenital infections and vaccine outcomes were assessed using random forests. A new unbiased approach for analysis of longitudinal multidimensional serological data was developed. The prevalence of congenital infections was low among infants in this cohort except for congenital CMV, HSV1 and Parvovirus.Infants clustered into two groups based on IgG responses to vaccines and common childhood infections. Exposure toCMV andHSV were important in predicting infant responses to infections at 1 year of age. This unsupervised approach provides a novel unbiased way to mine multidimensional data for biological patternsusing bioinformatics tools. The biological results point to possible dampening of immune response by congenital CMV and HSV infections. These identified congenital exposures may have a significant effect on serological responsiveness of infants later in lifeand consequently affect vaccine efficacy and immune development in infants. Thedata generated in this study can be leveraged by immunologists to further investigate the mechanistic basis for immunological attenuation by these infections in early life