Oviposition and Feeding Allelochemicals for Chilo partellus from Sorghum and Maize Cultivars; Bioassay, Isolation and Characterization

Abstract

A study was carried out to isolate and identify the chemicals from sorghum and maize that determine the oviposition and feeding responses, respectively, of the moth and larvae of Chilo partellus a serious pest of these crops. Studies were carried out on a resistant and a susceptible cul ti var of maize (MP 704 resistant; INBRED A susceptible) as well as sorghum (IS 1044 resistant; IS 18363 susceptible). The allelochemicals were extracted sequentially with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol. The sorghum cultivars showed quantitative rather than qualitative differences while the maize cultivars showed both qualitative and quantitative differences in respect to the concentrations of the constituent chemical compounds. The maize feeding bioassay was carried out using impregnated cellulose acetate discs. The sorghum ovipositional bioassay was carried out using filter paper as plant substrate. The maize methanolic extracts showed greater feeding stimulation than ethyl acetate extracts and these in turn showed greater feeding stimulation than the petroleum ether extracts. The susceptible cultivar extracts elicited more feeding stimulation than those of the resistant cultivars. The sorghum petroleum ether extracts showed significant C. partellus ovipositional inhibition unlike the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts which showed very weak ovipositional activity or none at all. The pet-ether extract of the resistant cultivar showed the greatest oviposition inhibition. Chemical study of the extracts revealed a variety of compounds on the leaf whorls. A series of n-alkanes with carbon chain C10 -C18 were common in all the maize and sorghum cultivars. These were however found to have no observable effect on Chilo partellus oviposition. The compound, methyl 11,14,17-eicosatrienoate, isolated from the resistant cultivar petroleum ether extract showed significant ovipositional inhibition. This compound was in large amounts in the resistant cultivar. Three compounds were isolated from the maize resistant cultivar ethyl acetate extract; 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-ethoxybenzoic acid and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid was in large amounts in the susceptible cultivar compared with the resistant cultivar and is a known C. partellus feeding stimulant. 4-Ethoxybenzoic acid, also in larger amounts in the susceptible cultivar compared to the resistant, has not been tested independently for bioactivity. 4,5,6,7 Tetrahydro-2-lH-isoindole-l, 3(2H)-dione was found in large amounts in the resistant cultivar. It has not been tested independently for bioactivity although a study of the H.P.L.C profiles of the cultivars suggests that this compound, along with another that was difficult to isolate, could be responsible for the observed reduced C. partellus feeding stimulation in the resistant cultivar by acting as antifeedants. Structural elucidation of each of these compounds was performed on the basis of their spectroscopic data. The range of compounds isolated and characterized indicates that there may be a vast reservoir of yet untapped allelochemicals in food-crops which could be useful in the breeding of pest resistant cultivars of the principle food-crops maize and sorghum.