Studies on Native Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for Biocontrol of Selected Lepidopteran Pests in Kenya

Abstract

Trichogramma species parasitise eggs of Lepidoptera and have been extensively used in augmentative biological control. Studies were conducted during 1997-2001 on the native egg parasitoids occurring in Kenya. The objectives of the study were (i) to identify the native egg parasitoids that attack Helicoverpa armigera and Plutella xylostella, (ii) to study the conventional and molecular taxonomy of the native Trichogramma species, (iii) to evaluate the response of two native Trichogramma species to different temperature regimes, (iv) to determine the life table parameters of the two Trichogramma species and (v) to determine the influence of host plants and host insects on parasitism of the two Trichogramma species. In survey and field trials in Kenya, five native trichogrammatid egg parasitoids species: Trichogramma bournieri Pintureau & Babault, Trichogramma sp. m. mwanzai Schulten & Feijen, Trichogramma sp. m. bruni Nagaraja, Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr. lutea Girault and Trichogrammatoidea sp. were recovered from the eggs of H. armigera, P. xylostella and Chilo partellus. Trichogramma bournieri and T sp. nr. bruni, recovered from C. partellus, are the first records for Kenya and probably the latter for Africa. The natural occurrence of Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr. lutea on P. xylostella eggs was also the first record for Kenya as well as for eastern Africa. Trichogramma sp. nr. mwanzai was morphologically more similar to the Australasian T chilonis Ishii than to T. bournieri. The genitalia of T. sp. nr. mwanzai was more similar to the Palaearctic species, T evanescens Westwood, than to the genitalia of T. bournieri. Trichogramma bournieri and T. sp. nr. mwanzai had 40% genetic similarity. The Kenyan species are more similar genetically than morphologically. For all temperatures tested, T. sp. nr. mwanzai had the highest preimaginal survivorship. The developmental period for all the species decreased as the temperature increased to a maximum of 34 °C. Sex ratio was female biased at all temperatures for T. bournieri and T. chi/on is. In contrast, T. sp. nr. mwanzai sex ratio was males biased. The life table study showed that T. sp. nr. mwanzai had a significantly higher fertility than T. bournieri. The respective proportions of female progenies were 52 and 72%. There was no significant difference in the intrinsic rate of natural increase and the net reproductive rate between the two native species at 26±1°C, 70±10% relative humidity and 16L: 8D photoperiod. In the laboratory no-choice experiments, T. bournieri and T. sp. nr. mwanzai showed a high preference for C. partellus and Corcyra cephalonica compared to H. armigera. In the field cage experiment using C. partellus eggs, both species showed a stronger preference for maize plant than for tomatoes, in both choice and no choice tests. There was a strong host insect and host plant effect on the preference and suitability of the two native species. Trichogramma sp. nr. mwanzai could be a candidate species for mass production and field releases due to its high fertility and tolerance to higher temperature regimes. This study has generated new information on egg parasitoids in Kenya and it is hoped that this study will foster more research on the biology and ecology of egg parasitism.